Cybercrime in Spain and Turkey: Comparative Analysis of Threats, Legislation and Proposals for Improvement

In an increasingly interconnected world, cybercrime represents one of the most significant threats to global security, impacting economies, institutions, and individual citizens. This study conducts a comparative analysis of the cybercrime landscape in Spain and Turkey, focusing on prevalent threats, legislative frameworks, and actionable strategies for improvement. Spain and Turkey, despite their distinct socio-political contexts, face common challenges such as phishing, ransomware, and critical infrastructure attacks. The research highlights Spain's advancements through the Budapest Convention and national legislation, and Turkey's emphasis on national capacity building and technological sovereignty. Both nations have implemented cybersecurity strategies, but the study identifies gaps in international cooperation, the adaptation of legal systems to emerging technologies, and resource allocation. Recommendations include fostering public-private collaboration, enhancing cybersecurity education, and harmonizing global legal responses to combat cybercrime. This analysis underscores the need for comprehensive, adaptive, and cooperative approaches to address evolving cyber threats effectively.