Exploring the Roles of Türkiye and Spain in Shaping Global Governance: A Comparative Analysis of their Normative and Behavioral Contributions to the United Nations in 2000’s

This paper undertakes a comparative examination of Türkiye and Spain as middle powers within the context of global governance, focusing on their role in the United Nations (UN) in 2000’s through their normative initiatives and behavioral contributions in an era characterized by the crisis of liberal international order and its norms and institutions While previous studies have predominantly centered on their roles in the UN via the Alliance of Civilizations initiative, a significant gap exists in the literature regarding a conceptual and empirical assessment of Türkiye and Spain’s contributions to global governance, especially their policies within the UN framework. This study will specifically explore their participation in the UN, as middle powers, critically examining their initiatives and statements. By doing that, we aim to decipher their common definitions and approaches to international issues, including their perspectives on UN reform as reflected in their speeches at the UN General Assembly. By doing so, this paper aspires to contribute to a deeper understanding of their role as middle powers in advancing global governance initiatives and thereby identify common ground for collaboration in various other global governance institutions.